New www.perkun.org

I have made a new version of the www.perkun.org. It is static now, generated by Doxygen. Currently I am working on "triglav", this is the project with the work name "borsuk". It should be able to support very many hidden variables and input variables. I will use the ideas I got when doing "svarog".

Projection states

I would like to explain why it is problematic in Svarog to keep "real" states. Let's assume we have four boolean hidden variables. I will use the new, Borsuk syntax: 

type boolean={false, true}; 

type place={Krakow, Warszawa, Wroclaw, Poznan}; 

hidden variable it_is_raining_in_(X:place):boolean; 

This results in four hidden variables:  

it_is_raining_in_Krakow:{false, true} 

it_is_raining_in_Warszawa:{false, true} 

it_is_raining_in_Wroclaw:{false, true} 

it_is_raining_in_Poznan:{false, true} 

In Svarog we would have 2^4=16 states:  

state1={it_is_raining_in_Krakow=>false,it_is_raining_in_Warszawa=>false,it_is_raining_in_Wroclaw=>false,it_is_raining_in_Poznan=>false}; state2={it_is_raining_in_Krakow=>false,it_is_raining_in_Warszawa=>false,it_is_raining_in_Wroclaw=>false,it_is_raining_in_Poznan=>true}; state3={it_is_raining_in_Krakow=>false,it_is_raining_in_Warszawa=>false,it_is_raining_in_Wroclaw=>true,it_is_raining_in_Poznan=>false}; state4={it_is_raining_in_Krakow=>false,it_is_raining_in_Warszawa=>false,it_is_raining_in_Wroclaw=>true,it_is_raining_in_Poznan=>true}; state5={it_is_raining_in_Krakow=>false,it_is_raining_in_Warszawa=>true,it_is_raining_in_Wroclaw=>false,it_is_raining_in_Poznan=>false}; state6={it_is_raining_in_Krakow=>false,it_is_raining_in_Warszawa=>true,it_is_raining_in_Wroclaw=>false,it_is_raining_in_Poznan=>true}; state7={it_is_raining_in_Krakow=>false,it_is_raining_in_Warszawa=>true,it_is_raining_in_Wroclaw=>true,it_is_raining_in_Poznan=>false}; state8={it_is_raining_in_Krakow=>false,it_is_raining_in_Warszawa=>true,it_is_raining_in_Wroclaw=>true,it_is_raining_in_Poznan=>true}; state9={it_is_raining_in_Krakow=>true,it_is_raining_in_Warszawa=>false,it_is_raining_in_Wroclaw=>false,it_is_raining_in_Poznan=>false}; state10={it_is_raining_in_Krakow=>true,it_is_raining_in_Warszawa=>false,it_is_raining_in_Wroclaw=>false,it_is_raining_in_Poznan=>true}; state11={it_is_raining_in_Krakow=>true,it_is_raining_in_Warszawa=>false,it_is_raining_in_Wroclaw=>true,it_is_raining_in_Poznan=>false}; state12={it_is_raining_in_Krakow=>true,it_is_raining_in_Warszawa=>false,it_is_raining_in_Wroclaw=>true,it_is_raining_in_Poznan=>true}; state13={it_is_raining_in_Krakow=>true,it_is_raining_in_Warszawa=>true,it_is_raining_in_Wroclaw=>false,it_is_raining_in_Poznan=>false}; state14={it_is_raining_in_Krakow=>true,it_is_raining_in_Warszawa=>true,it_is_raining_in_Wroclaw=>false,it_is_raining_in_Poznan=>true}; state15={it_is_raining_in_Krakow=>true,it_is_raining_in_Warszawa=>true,it_is_raining_in_Wroclaw=>true,it_is_raining_in_Poznan=>false}; state16={it_is_raining_in_Krakow=>true,it_is_raining_in_Warszawa=>true,it_is_raining_in_Wroclaw=>true,it_is_raining_in_Poznan=>true};  

When we assume they are independent and use the projection states then we have only eight of them:  

projection_state1={it_is_raining_in_Krakow=>false}

projection_state2={it_is_raining_in_Krakow=>true} 

projection_state3={it_is_raining_in_Warszawa=>false}

projection_state4={it_is_raining_in_Warszawa=>true} 

projection_state5={it_is_raining_in_Wroclaw=>false}

projection_state6={it_is_raining_in_Wroclaw=>true} 

projection_state7={it_is_raining_in_Poznan=>false}

projection_state8={it_is_raining_in_Poznan=>true}  

This difference increases when we have many hidden variables. For boolean ones there is 2^n real states and 2*n projection states. In Borsuk we will be able to maintain hundreds of thousands of hidden variables, which is clearly impossible in Svarog. 

In Borsuk a belief will be a vector of projections, with each projection containing a map. 

projection1 = {projection_state1=>x, projection_state2=>y}

with x+y = 1.0

Borsuk - a new project.

I have started a new project called Borsuk (this name may still change, the project is not published yet). The idea is to handle many more variables than it was possible in svarog, in particular hidden variables. I will simply assume they are independent. For each boolean hidden variable a belief will contain "projections" with two states, one for false and one for true. They will not be the states in the same sense as in svarog - but rather a kind of projection states. I have also created a syntax to generate many variables and stronger rules. The below code is an example: 

type person = {me, Gotrek, Gwaigilion, Gerrudir}; 

type information = {where_is_(X:person)};  

 

It means we have four persons, me (meaning the player), Gotrek, Gwaigilion and Gerrudir. For each of them a new information value will be created, i.e.  

where_is_me 

where_is_Gotrek 

where_is_Gwaigilion 

where_is_Gerrudir  

 

In the type definition it will be possible to use the type itself, for instance:  

type place = {Krakow, Warszawa, Wroclaw, Poznan, Gdansk}; 

 

type action = {goto_(X:place),ask_(X:person)_to_(Y:action),

ask_(X:person)_where_is_(Y:person),tell_(X:person)_(Y:information)}; 

There will be a special operation called "expanding" with a certain parameter called "depth", so that for Gotrek and Krakow it will create for example action: ask_Gotrek_to_goto_Krakow  

Because goto_Krakow is a regular action.

The variables will be created with the same pattern. 

For example: 

hidden variable (X:person)_can_see_(Y:person):boolean; 

hidden variable (X:person)_has_told_(Y:person)_(Z:information):boolean; 

hidden variable (X:information):boolean; 

This allows thousands of hidden variables to be generated, depending on the expanding depth. I will use a similar syntax for rules which will replace the world model known from svarog.

I think he thinks I think ...

I have realized what is needed to make a successful planning/optimizing algorithm for multiple intelligent agents. We need a special belief that not only covers our agent's hidden variables but also what he thinks the others think. And what he thinks the others think he thinks. And so on. Up to a certain level. Agents in a simple world would perceive each other as agents and would try to model each others psychology.

My first attempt to construct a language that does that failed - it was Perkun2. I thought about making something like Svarog for multiple agents problem. But I have no idea how it should work.

svarog-0.0.8 and dorban-0.0.2

There is a new Svarog and a new Dorban out there. In Svarog I found the way to handle the situations when there were too many possible states to discretize the space of beliefs. It is much faster now. The new Dorban uses it and is, consequently, much faster.

https://sourceforge.net/projects/dorban/

https://github.com/pawelbiernacki/svarog

The current intelligence level is 4, in spite of that the response time on my computer is below 1s.

svarog-0.0.6 - Perl scripts to parallelize the precalculations.

If you have a multiple core machine you would like to parallelize the precalculations. The new svarog (0.0.6) contains four Perl scripts that help to do it. While you are free to write your own scripts using the svarog-merge tool (created in 0.0.5) it is more convenient to use these scripts:

• svarog_generate_precalculate_tasks.pl
• svarog_generate_precalculate_shell.pl
• svarog_generate_control_shell.pl
• svarog_generate_merge_shell.pl

In order to use them do the following steps:

1. create a new directory and enter it
2. copy a valid Svarog specification (without any commands) into it, for example as specification.svarog 
3. copy specification.svarog into create_visible_states.svarog and append "cout << visible states << eol;" to it.
4. execute: svarog create_visible_states.svarog > visible_states.txt
5. check the amount of lines in visible_states.txt, in dorban's case it was 360
6. execute: svarog_generate_precalculate_tasks.pl 4 2 specification.svarog visible_states.txt
   
7. execute: svarog_generate_precalculate_shell.pl 360 > precalculate.sh
8. execute: bash precalculate.sh

This will start the precalculations on all your processors, in parallel. In order to check whether they terminated you can use a control shell:

1. execute: svarog_generate_control_shell.pl 360 > control.sh
2. execute: bash control.sh 

If there are any errors this probably means that some precalculations did not terminate yet. You can use the ps shell command to check whether any svarogs are still running. When the control.sh reports no errors you will want to merge the Svarog specifications created by your tasks in the directory KNOWLEDGE:

1. execute: svarog_generate_merge_shell.pl 360 > merge.sh
2. execute: bash merge.sh

The result Svarog specification containing the precalculated knowledge will be the file result.svarog.

You should of course replace 360 in the above examples with the actual amount of visible states in your case.

Replace 4 (the first argument for svarog_generate_precalculate_tasks.pl) with the depth you want for the precalculations. It will affect the time required for the precalculations, but not the result size.

svarog-merge and a new precalculate command

svarog 0.0.5 has been released. It contains two enhancements:

• a svarog-merge tool
• enhanced command cout << precalculate() << eol

 

The enhanced command cout << precalculate() << eol allows precalculating knowledge for a specific visible state. The syntax is:

cout << precalculate(<depth>,<granularity>,<query>) << eol;

For example:

cout << precalculate(3,2,{has_dorban_won_a_fight=>none ,where_is_dorban=>place_Poznan ,can_dorban_see_pregor=>true ,can_dorban_see_pregor_is_alive=>true ,can_dorban_see_vampire=>true ,is_pregor_following_dorban=>true }) << eol;

The result is a valid Svarog specification with the knowledge precalculated merely for this visible state.

The tool svarog-merge requires two files:

svarog-merge <file1> <file2>

It adds all missing precalculated visible states from file2 to the file1 specification. The precalculated knowledge section must exist in the file1 (even if the section is empty) and the precalculated knowledge in both files must have the same depth and granularity.

Using the new "precalculate" command along with the svarog-merge tool allows running the precalculations on multiple core machines effectively (so that all processors have work to do).